The ancient city of Aphrodisias

The ancient city of Aphrodisias





The ancient city of Aphrodisias, once the capital of the province of Lydia, is located near the village of Geyre in the district of Karacasu 38 km south of Nazilli.In ancient times, the attractive marble buildings of Aphrodisias no doubt shone out, as they do now, from amidst the rich vegetation of the Dandalaz valley with its almond, pomegranate and poplar trees.

Tetrapylon - The ancient city of Aphrodisias

Tetrapylon - The ancient city of Aphrodisias

One of the most attractive features of Aphrodisias is the ornamental gate constructed in the middle of the 2nd century. The name Tetrapylon refers to its being composed of four groups of four columns.

The Temple of Aphrodite - Aphrodisias

The Temple of Aphrodite - Aphrodisias


Located in the northern section, in ancient times the Temple of Aphrodite formed the centre and nucleus of the city. All that remains of the ancient temple consists of fourteen of the over forty Ionic columns that once surrounded it and the foundations of the cella section.

Uzungöl - Trabzon

Uzungöl - Trabzon

This beautiful highland lake is not longer the virgin hideaway it was 20 years ago. A tourist- town of about 30 chalets and pansiyons has grown pell-mell on the southern edge of the lake, and a new mosque has been built to rival the Grand Mosque of Shangri-La.

The overall effect, though, is more pleasing then most new Turkish resorts. The air has a miraculously clear quality, and the smell of the maize fields after rain remains intoxicating. Off the other end of the lake, brick and concrete have made few inroads into the old village of Uzungöl (Şerah).

Above the lake is stil virgin territory. One road continues west of the lake to the Soğanlı (Hopşera) yayla, affording stupendous mountain views along the way. Another road climbs through the hotel district to the Demirkapı (Haldizen) yayla, located immediately below the peak of Mt Haldizen (3376 m). A driveable road continues along a series of glacer lakes to a mountain pass at 3100 metres, where a dramatic panorama of a half- dozen mountain ranges springs to view on the South.

This is splendid hiking territory, and we are told it is possible to walk’in three or four hours from Demirkapı to the roadhead on the İkizdere side  (see Ovitdağı pass, next page). It is also possible to drive on to either İkizdere or Bayburt, but you must reckon on losing your way many times in the trackless high yayla.
 

 

Hierapolis - Castabala - Bodrum Castle

Hierapolis - Castabala city

A beautiful, little visited site. A powerfull mediaeval castle (the local name Bodrum Kale is a corruption of Petrium, the Castle of St Peter) dominates the Roman ruins of ancient Castabala/Hierapolis. A colonnaded road leads to the Temple Plain, where there is a theatre and traces of an ancient sanctuary. The site is not excavated, and there are no modern intrusions within sight.

Castabala was the capital of ancient Clician Kingdom, which ruled under Roman aegis just before and after year o. Cicero, the Roman orator, was briefly proconcul here. His hand-picked king of Clicia, Tarcondimotus, betrayed Pompey in his war against Caesar. Lucan makes him deliver a long speech about political morality in his Pharsalia.



Hierapolis - Castabala : Kesmeburun Village, Osmaniye , Turkey

Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia

Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 

When Byzantium put end to the Armenian kingdoms of the Northeast, it invited the dispossessed kings and their men to resettle the Byzantine borderlands depopulated by centuries of Arab wars.

Some ended up in the mountains of Cilicia. The Turkish victory of 1071 cut them loose from Byzantine ties; the Crusade of 1098 saved them from being swallowed up by the Turks.

Several Armenian baronies came into existence around this time. One of them, the Rubenians of the castles of Anazarba and Sis (mod. Kozan), exploited the Crusader connection to their greatest advantage.

The Rubenian Leo II (1186-1219) became an ally of Emperor Frederick Barbarossa and supplied troops for Richard the Lionheart in the battle of Acre. He was rewarded by being named King of Armenia by the Pope, who sent an envoy to present the crown.

The kingdom flourished in the 13th century, a period of greatly expanded east-west trade. The Venetians and Genoese were granted trading concessions. Marco Polo, who visited Ayas (mod. Yumurtalık), reported a thriving city that served as a Mediterranean terminus for the silk and spice caravans of Asia.

Some 40 spectacular castles between Anamur and Maraş are the memorials of that brief episode of medieval vitality in Cilicia.

After the fall of the Crusader states in Antioch and Jerusalem, Cilicia was doomed. It lasted another century in shifting subjection to the Mongols, the Turks, the Egyptians and Lusignan kings of Cyprus. Its 40 castles changed hands with astonishing celerity and inconsequence among various feudal cousins.

ın 1375, the Egyptians took Sis and put an end to the last Christian kingdom in the Middle  Eastern mainland. The great sea castle of Corycus (Kızkalesi near Silifke) remained the possession of the Latin kings of Cyprus until 1448.






Mokissos - Nora – Cappadocia - Turkey

Mokissos; The ruins of an early mediaval city spread across a volcanic field behind the town of Helvadere, 12 km south of Ihlara. It is called either Mocissus/Mokissos or Nora depending on sources you belive.

The site is unsigned. Getting there involves a half-hour clamber across boulders, but the setting and the views fully reward the effort. The perfect volcanic cone of the Hasandağı rises in the back. Vast armies of sheep march past in the evening. There is not a trace of the modern world in evidance.
The city was destroyed by an eathquake after the 9th century. There is much standing, though the shells of several churches (31 of them according to the shepherds) are recognisable.

Further up, the flanks of the mountain are covered by a forest surprising thick for this part of Turkey. You may drive up 5 km to the recreation area at Bozkurt yaylası ("Pastures of Brown wolf"), and use the footpath to walk down to the ruins.

 

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Uçhisar – Cappadocia – Turkey

In the centre of Uçhisar stands the tallest fairy chimney of all, a 40 meter cone of perforated rock looking like a giant block of Swiss cheese. The whole population of the town once lived in this “Uçhisar Castle“. Climbing it is one of the highlights of Cappadocia.

At the foot of the cone is the Tekeli District, a perfectly unspolied collection of cave houses clinging to the steep hillside. Mostly abandoned in the’80s, the neighbourhood was brought back to life by a French architect who converted a dozen of the derelict houses into holiday accommodations of great aesthetic verve.

Imitators follewed, and Uçhisar now competes with Ürgüp as the best town to spend a night-or a second life- in Cappadocia

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Göreme - Cappadocia

The classic Cappadocian tourist village, a bazaarville set in a fantastic landscape of fairy chimneys and strangely shaped rock. Grown in the backpacking 70s,göreme has found it hard to shed its downbudget image. A number of classy recent additions point the way to change.

The upper sections hide some surprisingly quiet and picturesque nooks, which reward a stroll if you can slip the persistent squands of carpet sellers and self-appointed guides.

Monastery Valley

A 10- minute walk up from the village centre is the entrance to the Göreme Cave Churches Open Air Museum, the chief tourist sight of Cappadocia. The fenced-in valley once hosted a community of Byzantine monks, who settled into a magnificent cluster of fairy chimneys.

They build more than 20 churches, of which about 12 retain their paintings. Some are barely large enough for 20 people. In the summer they receive an avarage of 7000 visitors a day.

Most frescoes date from the 11th and 12th centuries. Their style varies from church to church: some betray the influence-or the presence-of imperial artist sent down from Costantinople. The finest are in the so-called Dark Church , which reopened in 1998 after many years in restoration, and the Tokalı Church, which is located opposite the parking outside the main museum area. The Hidden Church, also a short distance outside, first cane to light in the 1950s.

Love Valley

Located immediately behind Monastery Valley on the southwest, this valley obtains its popular name from the shape of giant natural pillars grouped together nears it entrance. It is a quiet and impressive place when tour groups are not present. The walkpath skirts grapevines and walnuts, all of which are full of fruit in early autumn.

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